Introductory essay
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In the rest of the areas affected by the war, to the north and south of the Spanish-Portuguese border, the conflict was less intense, although there were some attacks on both sides of the line which forced the government to modernise and reinforce their defences. This was the reason behind the plans of Vinhais (40), Chaves (42), Bragança (41), Miranda (43), Goyán and Vilanova de Cerveira (250, 12), located on the northern border. On the other hand, the southern border is shown on the plans of Ayamonte (56, 36, 37), Castromarín (58), Tavira (57) and Lagos (59, 97). Finally, we must also mention the plans of Lisbon and its surrounding areas, all except one of which were created by foreign cartographers at the service of the Spanish crown. The exceptional strategic and military value of the accesses to the port of Lisbon gave rise to secret cartographic initiatives aimed at updating the information available about their defences in case of a hypothetical invasion from the sea, something that never occurred. A detailed representation of the Tajo estuary, including an image of Lisbon and its defences, can be seen on plan 3. The plans of Setúbal (9) and the Castle of San Gian (52, 11, 98) fall within this context.

- Safeguarding the Indies Fleets.

In the geopolitical strategy of the Atlantic, control of the maritime area between Ayamonte and Gibraltar (10) was of fundamental importance for the Spanish Austrias. This stretch had both economic and military potential, since the Guadalquivir estuary and the bay of Cadiz (53, 55, 251, 93, 24) were closely linked with the Indies fleets and communications with northern Europe and the Mediterranean.

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